Constraints on picture output ordering in a video bitstream

ABSTRACT

Methods, systems, and devices for picture output ordering constraints in video bitstreams are described. An example method of video processing includes performing a conversion between a video including one or more pictures and a bitstream of the video according to a rule, wherein the rule specifies that the bitstream includes at least a first picture that is output, wherein the first picture is in an output layer, wherein the first picture includes a syntax element equaling one, and wherein the syntax element affects a decoded picture output and a removal process associated with a hypothetical reference decoder (HRD).

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of International Application No. PCT/US2021/037123 filed on Jun. 11, 2021, which claims the priority to and benefits of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. U.S. 63/038,601 filed on Jun. 12, 2020. All the aforementioned patent applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to image and video coding and decoding.

BACKGROUND

Digital video accounts for the largest bandwidth use on the internet and other digital communication networks. As the number of connected user devices capable of receiving and displaying video increases, it is expected that the bandwidth demand for digital video usage will continue to grow.

SUMMARY

The present disclosure discloses embodiments for picture output ordering constraints in video bitstreams that can be used by video encoders and decoders to perform video encoding, decoding, or processing.

In one example aspect, a video processing method is disclosed. The method includes performing a conversion between a video comprising one or more pictures and a bitstream of the video, wherein the bitstream conforms to a format rule, wherein the format rule specifies a constraint on a value of a first syntax element that specifies whether a second syntax element is present in a picture header syntax structure of a current picture, and wherein the second syntax element specifies a value of a picture order count (POC) most significant bit (MSB) cycle of the current picture.

In another example aspect, a video processing method is disclosed. The method includes performing a conversion between a video comprising one or more pictures and a bitstream of the video, wherein the bitstream conforms to a format rule, wherein the format rule specifies a derivation of a picture order count (POC) in an absence of a syntax element, and wherein the syntax element specifies a value of the POC most significant bit (MSB) cycle of a current picture.

In yet another example aspect, a video processing method is disclosed. The method includes performing a conversion between a video and a bitstream of the video, wherein the bitstream comprises access units (AUs) comprising pictures according to a rule, wherein the rule specifies that gradual decode refresh (GDR) pictures are disallowed in the bitstream in response to an output order of the AUs being different from a decoding order of the AUs.

In yet another example aspect, a video processing method is disclosed. The method includes performing a conversion between a video and a bitstream of the video, wherein the bitstream comprises multiple layers in multiple access units, AUs, comprising one or more pictures according to a format rule, wherein the format rule specifies that, responsive to an end of sequence (EOS) network abstraction layer (NAL) unit for a first layer being present in a first access unit (AU) in the bitstream, a subsequent picture of each of one or more higher layers of the first layer in an AU following the first AU in the bitstream is a coded layer video sequence start (CLVSS) picture.

In yet another example aspect, a video processing method is disclosed. The method includes performing a conversion between a video and a bitstream of the video, wherein the bitstream comprises multiple layers in multiple access units, AUs, comprising one or more pictures according to a format rule, wherein the format rule specifies that, responsive to a first picture in a first access unit being a coded layer video sequence start (CLVSS) picture that is a clean random access (CRA) picture or a gradual decoding refresh (GDR) picture, a second picture is a CLVSS picture.

In yet another example aspect, a video processing method is disclosed. The method includes performing a conversion between a video comprising one or more pictures and a bitstream of the video according to a rule, wherein the rule specifies that the bitstream comprises at least a first picture that is output, wherein the first picture is in an output layer, wherein the first picture comprises a syntax element equaling one, and wherein the syntax element affects a decoded picture output and a removal process associated with a hypothetical reference decoder (HRD).

In yet another example aspect, a video encoder apparatus is disclosed. The video encoder comprises a processor configured to implement above-described methods.

In yet another example aspect, a video decoder apparatus is disclosed. The video decoder comprises a processor configured to implement above-described methods.

In yet another example aspect, a computer readable medium having code stored thereon is disclosed. The code embodies one of the methods described herein in the form of processor-executable code.

These, and other, features are described throughout the present disclosure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing an example video processing system in which various embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an example hardware platform used for video processing.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram that illustrates an example video coding system that can implement some embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram that illustrates an example of an encoder that can implement some embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram that illustrates an example of a decoder that can implement some embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 6-11 show flowcharts for example methods of video processing.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Section headings are used in the present disclosure for ease of understanding and do not limit the applicability of embodiments disclosed in each section only to that section. Furthermore, H.266 terminology is used in some description only for ease of understanding and not for limiting scope of the disclosed embodiments. As such, the embodiments described herein are applicable to other video codec protocols and designs also.

1. INTRODUCTION

This disclosure is related to video coding technologies. Specifically, it is about defining levels and bitstream conformance for a video codec that supports both single-layer video coding and multi-layer video coding. It may be applied to any video coding standard or non-standard video codec that supports single-layer video coding and multi-layer video coding, e.g., versatile video coding (VVC) that is being developed.

2. ABBREVIATIONS

APS Adaptation Parameter Set

AU Access Unit

AUD Access Unit Delimiter

AVC Advanced Video Coding

BLA Broken Link Access

CLVS Coded Layer Video Sequence

CLVSS Coded Layer Video Sequence Start

CPB Coded Picture Buffer

CRA Clean Random Access

CTU Coding Tree Unit

CVS Coded Video Sequence

DCI Decoding Capability Information

DPB Decoded Picture Buffer

EOB End Of Bitstream

EOS End Of Sequence

GDR Gradual Decoding Refresh

HEVC High Efficiency Video Coding

HRD Hypothetical Reference Decoder

IDR Instantaneous Decoding Refresh

ILP Inter-Layer Prediction

ILRP Inter-Layer Reference Picture

IRAP Intra Random Access Points

JEM Joint Exploration Model

LSB Least Significant Bit

LTRP Long-Term Reference Picture

MCTS Motion-Constrained Tile Sets

MSB Most Significant Bit

NAL Network Abstraction Layer

OLS Output Layer Set

PH Picture Header

POC Picture Order Count

PPS Picture Parameter Set

PTL Profile, Tier and Level

PU Picture Unit

RAP Random Access Point

RBSP Raw Byte Sequence Payload

SEI Supplemental Enhancement Information

SLI Subpicture Level Information

SPS Sequence Parameter Set

STRP Short-Term Reference Picture

SVC Scalable Video Coding

VCL Video Coding Layer

VPS Video Parameter Set

VTM VVC Test Model

VUI Video Usability Information

VVC Versatile Video Coding

3. INITIAL DISCUSSION

Video coding standards have evolved primarily through the development of the well-known International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) and International Organization for Standardization (ISO)/International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards. The ITU-T produced H.261 and H.263, ISO/IEC produced Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG)-1 and MPEG-4 Visual, and the two organizations jointly produced the H.262/MPEG-2 Video and H.264/MPEG-4 Advanced Video Coding (AVC) and H.265/HEVC standards. Since H.262, the video coding standards are based on the hybrid video coding structure wherein temporal prediction plus transform coding are utilized. To explore the future video coding technologies beyond HEVC, the Joint Video Exploration Team (JVET) was founded by Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG) and MPEG jointly in 2015. Since then, many new methods have been adopted by JVET and put into the reference software named Joint Exploration Model (JEM). The JVET meeting is concurrently held once every quarter, and the new coding standard is targeting a 50% bitrate reduction as compared to HEVC. The new video coding standard was officially named as Versatile Video Coding (VVC) in the April 2018 JVET meeting, and the first version of VVC test model (VTM) was released at that time. As there are continuous effort contributing to VVC standardization, new coding techniques are being adopted to the VVC standard in every JVET meeting. The VVC working draft and test model VTM are then updated after every meeting. The VVC project is now aiming for technical completion (FDIS) at the July 2020 meeting.

3.1. Random Access and its Supports in HEVC and VVC

Random access refers to starting access and decoding a bitstream from a picture that is not the first picture of the bitstream in decoding order. To support tuning in and channel switching in broadcast/multicast and multiparty video conferencing, seeking in local playback and streaming, as well as stream adaptation in streaming, the bitstream needs to include frequent random access points, which are typically intra-coded pictures but may also be inter-coded pictures (e.g., in the case of gradual decoding refresh).

HEVC includes signalling of intra random access points (IRAP) pictures in the NAL unit header, through NAL unit types. Three types of IRAP pictures are supported, namely instantaneous decoder refresh (IDR), clean random access (CRA), and broken link access (BLA) pictures. IDR pictures constrain the inter-picture prediction structure to not reference any picture before the current group-of-pictures (GOP), conventionally referred to as closed-GOP random access points. CRA pictures are less restrictive by allowing certain pictures to reference pictures before the current GOP, all of which are discarded in case of a random access. CRA pictures are conventionally referred to as open-GOP random access points. BLA pictures usually originate from splicing of two bitstreams or part thereof at a CRA picture, e.g., during stream switching. To enable better systems usage of IRAP pictures, altogether six different NAL units are defined to signal the properties of the IRAP pictures, which can be used to better match the stream access point types as defined in the ISO base media file format (ISOBMFF), which are utilized for random access support in dynamic adaptive streaming over hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) (DASH).

VVC supports three types of IRAP pictures, two types of IDR pictures (one type with, or the other type without, associated RADL pictures) and one type of CRA picture. These are basically the same as in HEVC. The BLA picture types in HEVC are not included in VVC, mainly due to two reasons: i) the basic functionality of BLA pictures can be realized by CRA pictures plus the end of sequence NAL unit, the presence of which indicates that the subsequent picture starts a new CVS in a single-layer bitstream; and 11) there was a desire in specifying fewer NAL unit types than HEVC during the development of VVC, as indicated by the use of five instead of six bits for the NAL unit type field in the NAL unit header.

Another key difference in random access support between VVC and HEVC is the support of GDR in a more normative manner in VVC. In GDR, the decoding of a bitstream can start from an inter-coded picture and, although at the beginning, not the entire picture region can be correctly decoded, but after a number of pictures the entire picture region would be correct. AVC and HEVC also support GDR, using the recovery point SEI message for signalling of GDR random access points and the recovery points. In VVC, a new NAL unit type is specified for indication of GDR pictures and the recovery point is signalled in the picture header syntax structure. A CVS and a bitstream are allowed to start with a GDR picture. This means that it is allowed for an entire bitstream to contain only inter-coded pictures without a single intra-coded picture. The main benefit of specifying GDR support this way is to provide a conforming behavior for GDR. GDR enables encoders to smooth the bit rate of a bitstream by distributing intra-coded slices or blocks in multiple pictures as opposed to intra coding entire pictures, thus allowing significant end-to-end delay reduction, which is considered more important nowadays than before as ultralow delay applications like wireless display, online gaming, and drone-based applications become more popular.

Another GDR-related feature in VVC is virtual boundary signalling. The boundary between the refreshed region (i.e., the correctly decoded region) and the unrefreshed region at a picture between a GDR picture and its recovery point can be signalled as a virtual boundary and, when signalled, in-loop filtering across the boundary would not be applied, thus a decoding mismatch for some samples at or near the boundary would not occur. This can be useful when the application determines to display the correctly decoded regions during the GDR process.

IRAP pictures and GDR pictures can be collectively referred to as random access point (RAP) pictures.

3.2. Picture Resolution Change within a Sequence

In AVC and HEVC, the spatial resolution of pictures cannot change unless a new sequence using a new SPS starts, with an IRAP picture. VVC enables picture resolution change within a sequence at a position without encoding an TRAP picture, which is always intra-coded. This feature is sometimes referred to as reference picture resampling (RPR), as the feature needs resampling of a reference picture used for inter prediction when that reference picture has a different resolution than the current picture being decoded.

The scaling ratio is restricted to be greater than or equal to 1/2 (2 times downsampling from the reference picture to the current picture), and less than or equal to 8 (8 times upsampling). Three sets of resampling filters with different frequency cutoffs are specified to handle various scaling ratios between a reference picture and the current picture. The three sets of resampling filters are applied respectively for the scaling ratio ranging from 1/2 to 1/1.75, from 1/1.75 to 1/1.25, and from 1/1.25 to 8. Each set of resampling filters has 16 phases for luma and 32 phases for chroma which is same to the case of motion compensation interpolation filters. Actually, the normal MC interpolation process is a special case of the resampling process with scaling ratio ranging from 1/1.25 to 8. The horizontal and vertical scaling ratios are derived based on picture width and height, and the left, right, top and bottom scaling offsets specified for the reference picture and the current picture.

Other aspects of the VVC design for support of this feature that are different from HEVC include: i) the picture resolution and the corresponding conformance window are signalled in the PPS instead of in the SPS, while in the SPS the maximum picture resolution is signalled; and ii) for a single-layer bitstream, each picture store (a slot in the DPB for storage of one decoded picture) occupies the buffer size as required for storing a decoded picture having the maximum picture resolution.

3.3. Scalable Video Coding (SVC) in General and in VVC

Scalable video coding (SVC, sometimes also referred to as scalability in video coding) refers to video coding in which a base layer (BL), sometimes referred to as a reference layer (RL), and one or more scalable enhancement layers (ELs) are used. In SVC, the base layer can carry video data with a base level of quality. The one or more enhancement layers can carry additional video data to support, for example, higher spatial, temporal, and/or signal-to-noise (SNR) levels. Enhancement layers may be defined relative to a previously encoded layer. For example, a bottom layer may serve as a BL, while a top layer may serve as an EL. Middle layers may serve as either ELs or RLs, or both. For example, a middle layer (e.g., a layer that is neither the lowest layer nor the highest layer) may be an EL for the layers below the middle layer, such as the base layer or any intervening enhancement layers, and at the same time serve as a RL for one or more enhancement layers above the middle layer. Similarly, in the multiview or three-dimensional (3D) extension of the HEVC standard, there may be multiple views, and information of one view may be utilized to code (e.g., encode or decode) the information of another view (e.g., motion estimation, motion vector prediction and/or other redundancies).

In SVC, the parameters used by the encoder or the decoder are grouped into parameter sets based on the coding level (e.g., video-level, sequence-level, picture-level, slice level, etc.) in which they may be utilized. For example, parameters that may be utilized by one or more coded video sequences of different layers in the bitstream may be included in a video parameter set (VPS), and parameters that are utilized by one or more pictures in a coded video sequence may be included in a sequence parameter set (SPS). Similarly, parameters that are utilized by one or more slices in a picture may be included in a picture parameter set (PPS), and other parameters that are specific to a single slice may be included in a slice header. Similarly, the indication of which parameter set(s) a particular layer is using at a given time may be provided at various coding levels.

Thanks to the support of reference picture resampling (RPR) in VVC, support of a bitstream containing multiple layers, e.g., two layers with standard definition (SD) and high definition (HD) resolutions in VVC can be designed without the need any additional signal-processing-level coding tool, as upsampling needed for spatial scalability support can just use the RPR upsampling filter. Nevertheless, high-level syntax changes (compared to not supporting scalability) are needed for scalability support. Scalability support is specified in VVC version 1. Different from the scalability supports in any earlier video coding standards, including in extensions of AVC and HEVC, the design of VVC scalability has been made friendly to single-layer decoder designs as much as possible. The decoding capability for multi-layer bitstreams are specified in a manner as if there were only a single layer in the bitstream. For example, the decoding capability, such as DPB size, is specified in a manner that is independent of the number of layers in the bitstream to be decoded. Basically, a decoder designed for single-layer bitstreams does not need much change to be able to decode multi-layer bitstreams. Compared to the designs of multi-layer extensions of AVC and HEVC, the hypertext transfer protocol live streaming (HLS) aspects have been significantly simplified at the sacrifice of some flexibilities. For example, an IRAP AU is required to contain a picture for each of the layers present in the CVS.

3.4. Parameter Sets

AVC, HEVC, and VVC specify parameter sets. The types of parameter sets include SPS, PPS, APS, and VPS. SPS and PPS are supported in all of AVC, HEVC, and VVC. VPS was introduced since HEVC and is included in both HEVC and VVC. APS was not included in AVC or HEVC but is included in the latest VVC draft text.

SPS was designed to carry sequence-level header information, and PPS was designed to carry infrequently changing picture-level header information. With SPS and PPS, infrequently changing information need not to be repeated for each sequence or picture, hence redundant signalling of this information can be avoided. Furthermore, the use of SPS and PPS enables out-of-band transmission of the important header information, thus not only avoiding the need for redundant transmissions but also improving error resilience.

VPS was introduced for carrying sequence-level header information that is common for all layers in multi-layer bitstreams.

APS was introduced for carrying such picture-level or slice-level information that needs quite some bits to code, can be shared by multiple pictures, and in a sequence there can be quite many different variations.

4. TECHNICAL PROBLEMS ADDRESSED BY DISCLOSED TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS

The latest designs of POC, GDR, EOS, and still picture profiles in VVC have the following problems:

-   1) It is required that ph_poc_msb_cycle_present_flag shall be equal     to 0 when vps_independent_layer_flag[GeneralLayerIdx[nuh_layer_id]]     is equal to 0 and there is a picture in the current AU in a     reference layer of the current layer. However, such a picture in a     reference layer could be removed by the general sub-bitstream     extraction process specified in clause C.6. Consequently, the POC     derivation will not be correct. -   2) The value of ph_poc_msb_cycle_present_flag is used in the POC     derivation process, while the flag may be not present and there is     no value inferred in that case. -   3) The GDR feature mainly useful used low end-to-end delay     applications. Therefore, it would make sense to disallow its use     when the bitstream is encoded in a way that is not suitable for low     end-to-end delay applications. -   4) When EOS NAL unit for a layer is present in an AU of a     multi-layer bitstream, that means there has been a seeking operation     to jump to this AU, or this AU is a bitstream splicing point. For     either of the two situations, it does not make sense that this layer     is not continuous for the same content, while in another layer of     the same bitstream, the content is continuous, regardless of whether     there is inter-layer dependency between the layers. -   5) It is possible to have a bitstream that has no picture to output.     That should be disallowed, either generally for all profiles, or     just for the still picture profiles.

5. A LISTING OF EMBODIMENTS AND SOLUTIONS

To solve the above problems, and others, methods as summarized below are disclosed. The items should be considered as examples to explain the general concepts and should not be interpreted in a narrow way. Furthermore, these items can be applied individually or combined in any manner.

-   1) To solve problem 1, instead of requiring     ph_poc_msb_cycle_present_flag to equal to 0 when     vps_independent_layer_flag[GeneralLayerIdx[nuh_layer_id]] is equal     to 0 and there is a picture in the current AU in a reference layer     of the current layer, the value of ph_poc_msb_cycle_present_flag may     be required to be equal to 0 under a tighter condition.     -   a. In one example, the value of ph_poc_msb_cycle_present_flag is         be required to be equal to 0 when         vps_independent_layer_flag[GeneralLayerIdx[nuh_layer_id]] is         equal to 0 and there is an ILRP entry in RefPicList[0] or         RefPicList[1] of a slice of the current picture.     -   b. In one example, the value of ph_poc_msb_cycle_present_flag is         be required to be equal to 0 when         vps_independent_layer_flag[GeneralLayerIdx[nuh_layer_id]] is         equal to 0 and there is a picture with nuh_layer_id equal to         refpicLayerId that is in the current AU in a reference layer of         the current layer and has TemporalId less than or equal to         Max(0,         vps_max_tid_il_ref_pics_plus1[currLayerIdx][refLayerIdx]−1),         where currLayerIdx and refLayerIdx are equal to         GeneralLayerIdx[nuh_layer_id] and         GeneralLayerIdx[refpicLayerId], respectively.     -   c. In one example, the value of ph_poc_msb_cycle_present_flag is         never required to be equal to 0. -   2) To solve problem 2, instead of use “ph_poc_msb_cycle_present_flag     is equal to 1 (0)” in the POC derivation process, use     “ph_poc_msb_cycle_val is present (not present)”. -   3) To solve problem 3, it is assumed that GDR pictures are only used     for in low end-to-end delay applications, and GDR pictures may be     disallowed when the output order and decoding order of AUs are     different.     -   a. In one example, it is required that, when         sps_gdr_enabled_flag is equal to 1, the decoding order and the         output order of all pictures in the CLVS shall be the same. Note         that this constraint would also mandate that the decoding order         and output order of AUs are the same in multi-layer bitstreams,         because all pictures within an AU are required to be contiguous         in decoding order, and all pictures within an AU have the same         output order.     -   b. In one example, it is required that, when         sps_gdr_enabled_flag is equal to 1 for an SPS referenced by a         picture in a CVS, the decoding order and the output order of all         AUs in the CVS shall be the same.     -   c. In one example, it is required that, when         sps_gdr_enabled_flag is equal to 1 for an SPS referenced by a         picture, the decoding order and the output order of all AUs in         the bitstream shall be the same.     -   d. In one example, it is required that, when         sps_gdr_enabled_flag is equal to 1 for an SPS present in the         bitstream, the decoding order and the output order of all AUs in         the bitstream shall be the same.     -   e. In one example, it is required that, when         sps_gdr_enabled_flag is equal to 1 for an SPS for the bitstream         (provided by being in the bitstream or through an external         means), the decoding order and the output order of all AUs in         the bitstream shall be the same. -   4) To solve problem 4, when EOS NAL unit for a layer is present in     an AU of a multi-layer bitstream, it is required that the next     picture in each of all or certain higher layers be a CLVSS picture.     -   a. In one example, it is specified that, when an AU auA contains         an EOS NAL unit in a layer layerA, for each layer layerB that is         present in the CVS and has layerA as a reference layer, the         first picture in layerB in decoding order in an AU following auA         in decoding order shall be a CLVSS picture.     -   b. In one example, alternatively, it is specified that, when an         AU auA contains an EOS NAL unit in a layer layerA, for each         layer layerB that is present in the CVS and is a higher layer         than layerA, the first picture in layerB in decoding order in an         AU following auA in decoding order shall be a CLVSS picture.     -   c. In one example, alternatively, it is specified that, when one         picture in an AU auA is a CLVSS picture that is a CRA or GDR         picture, for each layer layerA present in the CVS, if there is a         picture picA for layerA in auA, picA shall be a CLVSS picture,         otherwise (there is no picture for layerA in auA), the first         picture in decoding order for layerA in an AU following auA in         decoding order shall be a CLVSS picture.     -   d. In one example, alternatively, it is specified that, when a         picture in a layer layerB in an AU auA is a CLVSS picture that         is a CRA or GDR picture, for each layer layerA present in the         CVS that is higher than layerB, if there is a picture picA for         layerA in auA, picA shall be a CLVSS picture, otherwise (there         is no picture for layerA in auA), the first picture in decoding         order for layerA in an AU following auA in decoding order shall         be a CLVSS picture.     -   e. In one example, alternatively, it is specified that, when a         picture in a layer layerB in an AU auA is a CLVSS picture that         is a CRA or GDR picture, for each layer layerA present in the         CVS that has layerB as a reference layer, if there is a picture         picA for layerA in auA, picA shall be a CLVSS picture, otherwise         (there is no picture for layerA in auA), the first picture in         decoding order for layerA in an AU following auA in decoding         order shall be a CLVSS picture.     -   f. In one example, alternatively, it is specified that, when         there is an EOS NAL unit in an AU, there shall be an EOS NAL         unit in the AU for each layer present in the CVS.     -   g. In one example, alternatively, it is specified that, when         there is an EOS NAL unit in layer layerB in an AU, there shall         be an EOS NAL unit in the AU for each layer present in the CVS         that is higher than layerB.     -   h. In one example, alternatively, it is specified that, when         there is an EOS NAL unit in layer layerB in an AU, there shall         be an EOS NAL unit in the AU for each layer present in the CVS         that has layerB as a reference layer.     -   i. In one example, alternatively, it is specified that, when a         picture in an AU is a CLVSS picture that is a CRA or GDR         picture, all pictures in the AU shall be CLVSS pictures.     -   j. In one example, alternatively, it is specified that, when a         picture in a layer layerB in an AU is a CLVSS picture that is a         CRA or GDR picture, the pictures in the AU in all layers that         are higher than layerB shall be CLVSS pictures.     -   k. In one example, alternatively, it is specified that, when a         picture in a layer layerB in an AU is a CLVSS picture that is a         CRA or GDR picture, the pictures in the AU in all layers that         have layerB as a reference layer shall be CLVSS pictures.     -   l. In one example, alternatively, it is specified that, when a         picture in an AU is a CLVSS picture that is a CRA or GDR         picture, the AU shall have a picture for each layer present in         the CVS, and all pictures in the AU shall be CLVSS pictures.     -   m. In one example, alternatively, it is specified that, when a         picture in a layer layerB in an AU is a CLVSS picture that is a         CRA or GDR picture, the AU shall have a picture for each layer         higher than layerB present in the CVS, and all pictures in the         AU shall be CLVSS pictures.     -   n. In one example, alternatively, it is specified that, when a         picture in a layer layerB in an AU is a CLVSS picture that is a         CRA or GDR picture, the AU shall have a picture for each layer         having layerB as a reference layer present in the CVS, and all         pictures in the AU shall be CLVSS pictures. -   5) To solve problem 5, it is specified that a bitstream shall have     at least one picture that is output.     -   a. In one example, it is specified that, when a bitstream         contains only one picture, the picture shall have         ph_pic_output_flag equal to 1.     -   b. In one example, it is specified that a bitstream shall have         at least one picture that is in an output layer and has         ph_pic_output_flag equal to 1.     -   c. In examples, either of the above constraints is specified as         part of the definition of one or more still picture profiles,         e.g., the Main 10 Still Picture profile and the Main 4:4:4 10         Still Picture profile.     -   d. In examples, either of the above constraints is specified not         part of the definition of a profile, such that it applies to any         profile.

6. EMBODIMENTS

Below are some example embodiments for some of the invention aspects summarized above in Section 5, which can be applied to the VVC specification. The changed texts are based on the latest VVC text in JVET-S0152-v5. Most relevant parts that have been added or modified are bolded, underlined, and italicized, e.g., “using A

and some of the deleted parts are italicized and enclosed with bolded double square brackets, e.g., “based on [[

and]]B”.

6.1. First Embodiment

This embodiment is for items 1 to 5 and some of their sub-items.

7.4.3.7 Picture Header Structure Semantics

. . . ph_poc_msb_cycle_present_flag equal to 1 specifies that the syntax element ph_poc_msb_cycle_val is present in the PH. ph_poc_msb_cycle_present_flag equal to 0 specifies that the syntax element ph_poc_msb_cycle_val is not present in the PH. When vps_independent_layer_flag[GeneralLayerIdx[nuh_layer_id]] is equal to 0 and there is

a picture in the current AU in a reference layer of the current layer]], the value of ph_poc_msb_cycle_present_flag shall be equal to 0. . . . ph_pic_output_flag affects the decoded picture output and removal processes as specified in Annex C. When ph_pic_output_flag is not present, it is inferred to be equal to 1.

NOTE 5—There is no picture in the bitsteam that has ph_non_refpic_flag equal to 1 and ph_pic_output_flag equal to 0.

8.3.1 Decoding Process for Picture Order Count

When

[[ph_poc_msb_cycle_present_flag is equal to 0]] and the current picture is not a CLVSS picture, the variables prevPicOrderCntLsb and prevPicOrderCntMsb are derived as follows:

-   -   Let prevTid0Pic be the previous picture in decoding order that         has nuh_layer_id equal to the nuh_layer_id of the current         picture, has TemporalId and ph_non_refpic_flag both equal to 0,         and is not a RASL or RADL picture.     -   The variable prevPicOrderCntLsb is set equal to         ph_pic_order_cnt_lsb of prevTid0Pic.     -   The variable prevPicOrderCntMsb is set equal to PicOrderCntMsb         of prevTid0Pic.         The variable PicOrderCntMsb of the current picture is derived as         follows:     -   If         [[ph_poc_ms_cycle_present_flag is equal to 1]], PicOrderCntMsb         is set equal to ph_poc_msb_cycle_val*MaxPicOrderCntLsb.     -   Otherwise         [[ph_poc_msb_cycle_present_flag is equal to 0]]), if the current         picture is a CLVSS picture, PicOrderCntMsb is set equal to 0.         . . .

7.4.3.3 Sequence Parameter Set RBSP Semantics

. . . sps_gdr_enabled_flag equal to 1 specifies that GDR pictures are enabled and may be present in the CLVS. sps_gdr_enabled_flag equal to 0 specifies that GDR pictures are disabled and not present in the CLVS.

-   -            . . .

7.4.3.10 End of Sequence RBSP Semantics

. . .

FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing an example video processing system 1000 in which various embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented. Various embodiments may include some or all of the components of the system 1000. The system 1000 may include input 1002 for receiving video content. The video content may be received in a raw or uncompressed format, e.g., 8- or 10-bit multi-component pixel values, or may be in a compressed or encoded format. The input 1002 may represent a network interface, a peripheral bus interface, or a storage interface. Examples of network interface include wired interfaces such as Ethernet, passive optical network (PON), etc., and wireless interfaces such as Wi-Fi or cellular interfaces.

The system 1000 may include a coding component 1004 that may implement the various coding or encoding methods described in the present disclosure. The coding component 1004 may reduce the average bitrate of video from the input 1002 to the output of the coding component 1004 to produce a coded representation of the video. The coding techniques are therefore sometimes called video compression or video transcoding techniques. The output of the coding component 1004 may be either stored, or transmitted via a communication connected, as represented by the component 1006. The stored or communicated bitstream (or coded) representation of the video received at the input 1002 may be used by the component 1008 for generating pixel values or displayable video that is sent to a display interface 1010. The process of generating user-viewable video from the bitstream representation is sometimes called video decompression. Furthermore, while certain video processing operations are referred to as “coding” operations or tools, it will be appreciated that the coding tools or operations are used at an encoder and corresponding decoding tools or operations that reverse the results of the coding will be performed by a decoder.

Examples of a peripheral bus interface or a display interface may include universal serial bus (USB) or high definition multimedia interface (HDMI) or DisplayPort, and so on. Examples of storage interfaces include serial advanced technology attachment (SATA), peripheral component interface (PCI), integrated drive electronics (IDE) interface, and the like. The embodiments described in the present disclosure may be embodied in various electronic devices such as mobile phones, laptops, smartphones or other devices that are capable of performing digital data processing and/or video display.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a video processing apparatus 2000. The apparatus 2000 may be used to implement one or more of the methods described herein. The apparatus 2000 may be embodied in a smartphone, tablet, computer, Internet of Things (IoT) receiver, and so on. The apparatus 2000 may include one or more processors 2002, one or more memories 2004 and video processing hardware 2006. The processor(s) 2002 may be configured to implement one or more methods described in the present disclosure (e.g., in FIGS. 6-9 ). The memory (memories) 2004 may be used for storing data and code used for implementing the methods and embodiments described herein. The video processing hardware 2006 may be used to implement, in hardware circuitry, some embodiments described in the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the hardware 2006 may be partly or entirely in the one or more processors 2002, e.g., a graphics processor.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram that illustrates an example video coding system 100 that may utilize the embodiments of this disclosure. As shown in FIG. 3 , video coding system 100 may include a source device 110 and a destination device 120. Source device 110 generates encoded video data which may be referred to as a video encoding device. Destination device 120 may decode the encoded video data generated by source device 110 which may be referred to as a video decoding device. Source device 110 may include a video source 112, a video encoder 114, and an input/output (I/O) interface 116.

Video source 112 may include a source such as a video capture device, an interface to receive video data from a video content provider, and/or a computer graphics system for generating video data, or a combination of such sources. The video data may comprise one or more pictures. Video encoder 114 encodes the video data from video source 112 to generate a bitstream. The bitstream may include a sequence of bits that form a coded representation of the video data. The bitstream may include coded pictures and associated data. The coded picture is a coded representation of a picture. The associated data may include sequence parameter sets, picture parameter sets, and other syntax structures. I/O interface 116 may include a modulator/demodulator (modem) and/or a transmitter. The encoded video data may be transmitted directly to destination device 120 via I/O interface 116 through network 130 a. The encoded video data may also be stored onto a storage medium/server 130 b for access by destination device 120.

Destination device 120 may include an I/O interface 126, a video decoder 124, and a display device 122.

I/O interface 126 may include a receiver and/or a modem. I/O interface 126 may acquire encoded video data from the source device 110 or the storage medium/server 130 b. Video decoder 124 may decode the encoded video data. Display device 122 may display the decoded video data to a user. Display device 122 may be integrated with the destination device 120, or may be external to destination device 120 which be configured to interface with an external display device.

Video encoder 114 and video decoder 124 may operate according to a video compression standard, such as the HEVC standard, VVC standard, and other current and/or further standards.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating an example of video encoder 200, which may be video encoder 114 in the system 100 illustrated in FIG. 3 .

Video encoder 200 may be configured to perform any or all of the embodiments of this disclosure. In the example of FIG. 4 , video encoder 200 includes a plurality of functional components. The embodiments described in this disclosure may be shared among the various components of video encoder 200. In some examples, a processor may be configured to perform any or all of the embodiments described in this disclosure.

The functional components of video encoder 200 may include a partition unit 201, a prediction unit 202, which may include a mode select unit 203, a motion estimation unit 204, a motion compensation unit 205, and an intra prediction unit 206; a residual generation unit 207; a transform unit 208; a quantization unit 209; an inverse quantization unit 210; an inverse transform unit 211; a reconstruction unit 212; a buffer 213; and an entropy encoding unit 214.

In other examples, video encoder 200 may include more, fewer, or different functional components. In an example, prediction unit 202 may include an intra block copy (IBC) unit. The IBC unit may perform prediction in an IBC mode in which at least one reference picture is a picture where the current video block is located.

Furthermore, some components, such as motion estimation unit 204 and motion compensation unit 205 may be highly integrated, but are represented in the example of FIG. 4 separately for purposes of explanation.

Partition unit 201 may partition a picture into one or more video blocks. Video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may support various video block sizes.

Mode select unit 203 may select one of the coding modes, intra or inter, e.g., based on error results, and provide the resulting intra- or inter-coded block to a residual generation unit 207 to generate residual block data and to a reconstruction unit 212 to reconstruct the encoded block for use as a reference picture. In some examples, mode select unit 203 may select a combination of intra and inter prediction (CIIP) mode in which the prediction is based on an inter prediction signal and an intra prediction signal. Mode select unit 203 may also select a resolution for a motion vector (e.g., a sub-pixel or integer pixel precision) for the block in the case of inter prediction.

To perform inter prediction on a current video block, motion estimation unit 204 may generate motion information for the current video block by comparing one or more reference frames from buffer 213 to the current video block. Motion compensation unit 205 may determine a predicted video block for the current video block based on the motion information and decoded samples of pictures from buffer 213 other than the picture associated with the current video block.

Motion estimation unit 204 and motion compensation unit 205 may perform different operations for a current video block, for example, depending on whether the current video block is in an I slice, a P slice, or a B slice.

In some examples, motion estimation unit 204 may perform uni-directional prediction for the current video block, and motion estimation unit 204 may search reference pictures of list 0 or list 1 for a reference video block for the current video block. Motion estimation unit 204 may then generate a reference index that indicates the reference picture in list 0 or list 1 that contains the reference video block and a motion vector that indicates a spatial displacement between the current video block and the reference video block. Motion estimation unit 204 may output the reference index, a prediction direction indicator, and the motion vector as the motion information of the current video block. Motion compensation unit 205 may generate the predicted video block of the current block based on the reference video block indicated by the motion information of the current video block.

In other examples, motion estimation unit 204 may perform bi-directional prediction for the current video block, motion estimation unit 204 may search the reference pictures in list 0 for a reference video block for the current video block and may also search the reference pictures in list 1 for another reference video block for the current video block. Motion estimation unit 204 may then generate reference indexes that indicate the reference pictures in list 0 and list 1 containing the reference video blocks and motion vectors that indicate spatial displacements between the reference video blocks and the current video block. Motion estimation unit 204 may output the reference indexes and the motion vectors of the current video block as the motion information of the current video block. Motion compensation unit 205 may generate the predicted video block of the current video block based on the reference video blocks indicated by the motion information of the current video block.

In some examples, motion estimation unit 204 may output a full set of motion information for decoding processing of a decoder.

In some examples, motion estimation unit 204 may not output a full set of motion information for the current video. Rather, motion estimation unit 204 may signal the motion information of the current video block with reference to the motion information of another video block. For example, motion estimation unit 204 may determine that the motion information of the current video block is sufficiently similar to the motion information of a neighboring video block.

In one example, motion estimation unit 204 may indicate, in a syntax structure associated with the current video block, a value that indicates to the video decoder 300 that the current video block has the same motion information as the another video block.

In another example, motion estimation unit 204 may identify, in a syntax structure associated with the current video block, another video block and a motion vector difference (MVD). The motion vector difference indicates a difference between the motion vector of the current video block and the motion vector of the indicated video block. The video decoder 300 may use the motion vector of the indicated video block and the motion vector difference to determine the motion vector of the current video block.

As discussed above, video encoder 200 may predictively signal the motion vector. Two examples of predictive signalling techniques that may be implemented by video encoder 200 include advanced motion vector prediction (AMVP) and merge mode signalling.

Intra prediction unit 206 may perform intra prediction on the current video block. When intra prediction unit 206 performs intra prediction on the current video block, intra prediction unit 206 may generate prediction data for the current video block based on decoded samples of other video blocks in the same picture. The prediction data for the current video block may include a predicted video block and various syntax elements.

Residual generation unit 207 may generate residual data for the current video block by subtracting (e.g., indicated by the minus sign) the predicted video block(s) of the current video block from the current video block. The residual data of the current video block may include residual video blocks that correspond to different sample components of the samples in the current video block.

In other examples, there may be no residual data for the current video block for the current video block, for example in a skip mode, and residual generation unit 207 may not perform the subtracting operation.

Transform processing unit 208 may generate one or more transform coefficient video blocks for the current video block by applying one or more transforms to a residual video block associated with the current video block.

After transform processing unit 208 generates a transform coefficient video block associated with the current video block, quantization unit 209 may quantize the transform coefficient video block associated with the current video block based on one or more quantization parameter (QP) values associated with the current video block.

Inverse quantization unit 210 and inverse transform unit 211 may apply inverse quantization and inverse transforms to the transform coefficient video block, respectively, to reconstruct a residual video block from the transform coefficient video block. Reconstruction unit 212 may add the reconstructed residual video block to corresponding samples from one or more predicted video blocks generated by the prediction unit 202 to produce a reconstructed video block associated with the current block for storage in the buffer 213.

After reconstruction unit 212 reconstructs the video block, loop filtering operation may be performed reduce video blocking artifacts in the video block.

Entropy encoding unit 214 may receive data from other functional components of the video encoder 200. When entropy encoding unit 214 receives the data, entropy encoding unit 214 may perform one or more entropy encoding operations to generate entropy encoded data and output a bitstream that includes the entropy encoded data.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating an example of video decoder 300 which may be video decoder 124 in the system 100 illustrated in FIG. 3 .

The video decoder 300 may be configured to perform any or all of the embodiments of this disclosure. In the example of FIG. 5 , the video decoder 300 includes a plurality of functional components. The embodiments described in this disclosure may be shared among the various components of the video decoder 300. In some examples, a processor may be configured to perform any or all of the embodiments described in this disclosure.

In the example of FIG. 5 , video decoder 300 includes an entropy decoding unit 301, a motion compensation unit 302, an intra prediction unit 303, an inverse quantization unit 304, an inverse transform unit 305, a reconstruction unit 306, and a buffer 307. Video decoder 300 may, in some examples, perform a decoding pass generally reciprocal to the encoding pass described with respect to video encoder 200 (FIG. 4 ).

Entropy decoding unit 301 may retrieve an encoded bitstream. The encoded bitstream may include entropy coded video data (e.g., encoded blocks of video data). Entropy decoding unit 301 may decode the entropy coded video data, and from the entropy decoded video data, motion compensation unit 302 may determine motion information including motion vectors, motion vector precision, reference picture list indexes, and other motion information. Motion compensation unit 302 may, for example, determine such information by performing the AMVP and merge mode.

Motion compensation unit 302 may produce motion compensated blocks, possibly performing interpolation based on interpolation filters. Identifiers for interpolation filters to be used with sub-pixel precision may be included in the syntax elements.

Motion compensation unit 302 may use interpolation filters as used by video encoder 200 during encoding of the video block to calculate interpolated values for sub-integer pixels of a reference block. Motion compensation unit 302 may determine the interpolation filters used by video encoder 200 according to received syntax information and use the interpolation filters to produce predictive blocks.

Motion compensation unit 302 may use some of the syntax information to determine sizes of blocks used to encode frame(s) and/or slice(s) of the encoded video sequence, partition information that describes how each macroblock of a picture of the encoded video sequence is partitioned, modes indicating how each partition is encoded, one or more reference frames (and reference frame lists) for each inter-encoded block, and other information to decode the encoded video sequence.

Intra prediction unit 303 may use intra prediction modes for example received in the bitstream to form a prediction block from spatially adjacent blocks. Inverse quantization unit 304 inverse quantizes, i.e., de-quantizes, the quantized video block coefficients provided in the bitstream and decoded by entropy decoding unit 301. Inverse transform unit 305 applies an inverse transform.

Reconstruction unit 306 may sum the residual blocks with the corresponding prediction blocks generated by motion compensation unit 302 or intra-prediction unit 303 to form decoded blocks. If desired, a deblocking filter may also be applied to filter the decoded blocks in order to remove blockiness artifacts. The decoded video blocks are then stored in buffer 307, which provides reference blocks for subsequent motion compensation/intra prediction and also produces decoded video for presentation on a display device.

FIGS. 6-11 show example methods that can implement the embodiments described above in and in relation to, for example, FIGS. 1-5 .

FIG. 6 shows a flowchart for an example method 600 of video processing. The method 600 includes, at operation 610, performing a conversion between a video comprising one or more pictures and a bitstream of the video, the bitstream conforming to a format rule that specifies a constraint on a value of a first syntax element that specifies whether a second syntax element is present in a picture header syntax structure of a current picture, and the second syntax element specifying a value of a picture order count (POC) most significant bit (MSB) cycle of the current picture.

FIG. 7 shows a flowchart for an example method 700 of video processing. The method 700 includes, at operation 710, performing a conversion between a video comprising one or more pictures and a bitstream of the video, the bitstream conforming to a format rule that specifies a derivation of a picture order count (POC) in an absence of a syntax element, and the syntax element specifying a value of the POC most significant bit (MSB) cycle of a current picture.

FIG. 8 shows a flowchart for an example method 800 of video processing. The method 800 includes, at operation 810, performing a conversion between a video and a bitstream of the video, the bitstream comprising access units, AUs, comprising pictures according to a rule that specifies that gradual decode refresh (GDR) pictures are disallowed in the bitstream in response to an output order of the AUs being different from a decoding order of the AUs.

FIG. 9 shows a flowchart for an example method 900 of video processing. The method 900 includes, at operation 910, performing a conversion between a video and a bitstream of the video, the bitstream comprising multiple layers in multiple access units, AUs, comprising one or more pictures according to a format rule that specifies that, responsive to an end of sequence (EOS) network abstraction layer (NAL) unit for a first layer being present in a first access unit (AU) in the bitstream, a subsequent picture of each of one or more higher layers of the first layer in an AU following the first AU in the bitstream is a coded layer video sequence start (CLVSS) picture.

FIG. 10 shows a flowchart for an example method 1000 of video processing. The method 1000 includes, at operation 1010, performing a conversion between a video and a bitstream of the video, the bitstream comprising multiple layers in multiple access units, AUs, comprising one or more pictures according to a format rule that specifies that, responsive to a first picture in a first access unit being a coded layer video sequence start (CLVSS) picture that is a clean random access (CRA) picture or a gradual decoding refresh (GDR) picture, a second picture is a CLVSS picture.

FIG. 11 shows a flowchart for an example method 1100 of video processing. The method 1100 includes, at operation 1110, performing a conversion between a video comprising one or more pictures and a bitstream of the video according to a rule that specifies that the bitstream comprises at least a first picture that is output, the first picture being in an output layer, the first picture comprising a syntax element equaling one, and the syntax element affecting a decoded picture output and a removal process associated with a hypothetical reference decoder (HRD).

The following solutions show example embodiments discussed in the previous section (e.g., items 1-5).

A listing of solutions preferred by some embodiments is provided next.

A1. A method of video processing, comprising performing a conversion between a video comprising one or more pictures and a bitstream of the video, wherein the bitstream conforms to a format rule, wherein the format rule specifies a constraint on a value of a first syntax element that specifies whether a second syntax element is present in a picture header syntax structure of a current picture, and wherein the second syntax element specifies a value of a picture order count (POC) most significant bit (MSB) cycle of the current picture.

A2. The method of solution A1, wherein the value of the first syntax element is equal to zero in response to a value of a flag equaling zero and an inter-layer reference picture (ILRP) entry being in a reference picture list of a slice of the current picture, and wherein the flag specifies whether an indexed layer uses inter-layer prediction.

A3. The method of solution A2, wherein the reference picture list comprises a first reference picture list (RefPicList[0]) or a second reference picture list (RefPicList[1]).

A4. The method of solution A2, wherein the value of the first syntax element equaling zero specifies that the second syntax element is not present in the picture header syntax structure.

A5. The method of solution A2, wherein the value of the flag equaling zero specifies that the indexed layer is allowed to use the inter-layer prediction.

A6. The method of solution A1, wherein the value of the first syntax element is equal to zero in response to a value of a flag equaling zero and a picture having (i) a first identifier that is equal to a second identifier that is in a current access unit (AU) in a reference layer of a current layer and (ii) a third identifier that is less than or equal to a threshold, wherein the flag specifies whether an indexed layer uses inter-layer prediction, wherein the first identifier specifies a layer to which a video coding layer (VCL) network abstraction layer (NAL) unit belongs, wherein the second identifier specifies a layer to which a reference picture belongs, wherein the third identifier is a temporal identifier, and wherein the threshold is based on a second syntax element that specifies whether pictures in an indexed layer that are neither intra random access pictures (IRAP) pictures nor gradual decoding refresh (GDR) pictures are used as an inter-layer reference picture (IRLP) for decoding a picture in the indexed layer.

A7. The method of solution A6, wherein the first identifier is nuh_layer_id, the second identifier is refpicLayerId, and the third identifier is TemporalId, and wherein the second syntax element is vps_max_tid_il_ref_pics_plus1.

A8. The method of solution A1, wherein the first syntax element is never required to be zero.

A9. The method of any of solutions A2 to A8, wherein the first syntax element is ph_poc_msb_cycle_present_flag, the flag is vps_independent_layer_flag, and wherein the second syntax element is ph_poc_msb_cycle_val.

A10. A method of video processing, comprising performing a conversion between a video comprising one or more pictures and a bitstream of the video, wherein the bitstream conforms to a format rule, wherein the format rule specifies a derivation of a picture order count (POC) in an absence of a syntax element, and wherein the syntax element specifies a value of the POC most significant bit (MSB) cycle of a current picture.

All. The method of solution A10, wherein the syntax element is ph_poc_msb_cycle_val.

A12. A method of video processing, comprising performing a conversion between a video and a bitstream of the video, wherein the bitstream comprises access units (AUs) comprising pictures according to a rule, wherein the rule specifies that gradual decode refresh (GDR) pictures are disallowed in the bitstream in response to an output order of the AUs being different from a decoding order of the AUs.

A13. The method of solution A12, wherein an output order and a decoding order of all pictures in a coded layer video sequence (CLVS) are identical in response to a flag being equal to one, and wherein the flag specifies whether GDR pictures are enabled.

A14. The method of solution A12, wherein the output order and the decoding order of the AUs are identical in response to a flag being equal to one for a sequence parameter set (SPS) referenced by a picture in a coded video sequence (CVS), and wherein the flag specifies whether GDR pictures are enabled.

A15. The method of solution A12, wherein the output order and the decoding order of the AUs are identical in response to a flag being equal to one for a sequence parameter set (SPS) referenced by a picture, and wherein the flag specifies whether GDR pictures are enabled.

A16. The method of solution A12, wherein the output order and the decoding order of the AUs are identical in response to a flag being equal to one for a sequence parameter set (SPS) in the bitstream, and wherein the flag specifies whether GDR pictures are enabled.

A17. The method of any of solutions A13 to A16, wherein the flag is sps_gdr_enabled_flag.

Another listing of solutions preferred by some embodiments is provided next.

B1. A method of video processing, comprising performing a conversion between a video and a bitstream of the video, wherein the bitstream comprises multiple layers in multiple access units (AUs) comprising one or more pictures according to a format rule, wherein the format rule specifies that, responsive to an end of sequence (EOS) network abstraction layer (NAL) unit for a first layer being present in a first access unit (AU) in the bitstream, a subsequent picture of each of one or more higher layers of the first layer in an AU following the first AU in the bitstream is a coded layer video sequence start (CLVSS) picture.

B2. The method of solution B1, wherein the format rule further specifies that a first picture in a decoding order for a second layer, which is present in a coded video sequence (CVS) that includes the first layer, that uses the first layer as a reference layer is a CLVSS picture.

B3. The method of solution B1, wherein the one or more higher layers comprises all or certain higher layers.

B4. The method of solution B1, wherein the format rule further specifies that a first picture in a decoding order for a second layer, which is present in a coded video sequence (CVS) that includes the first layer, that is a higher layer than the first layer is a CLVSS picture.

B5. The method of solution B1, wherein the format rule further specifies that the EOS NAL unit is present in each layer of a coded video sequence (CVS) in the bitstream.

B6. The method of solution B1, wherein the format rule further specifies that a second layer, which is present in a coded video sequence (CVS) that includes the first layer, that is a higher layer than the first layer comprises the EOS NAL unit.

B7. The method of solution B1, wherein the format rule further specifies that a second layer, which is present in a coded video sequence (CVS) that includes the first layer, that uses the first layer as a reference layer comprises the EOS NAL unit.

B8. A method of video processing, comprising performing a conversion between a video and a bitstream of the video, wherein the bitstream comprises multiple layers in multiple access units (AUs) comprising one or more pictures according to a format rule, wherein the format rule specifies that, responsive to a first picture in a first access unit being a coded layer video sequence start (CLVSS) picture that is a clean random access (CRA) picture or a gradual decoding refresh (GDR) picture, a second picture is a CLVSS picture.

B9. The method of solution B8, wherein the second picture is a picture for a layer in the first access unit.

B10. The method of solution B8, wherein a first layer comprises the first picture, and wherein the second picture is a picture in a second layer that is higher than the first layer.

B11. The method of solution B8, wherein a first layer comprises the first picture, and wherein the second picture is a picture in a second layer that uses the first layer as a reference layer.

B12. The method of solution B8, wherein the second picture is a first picture in a decoding order in a second access unit that follows the first access unit.

B13. The method of solution B8, wherein the second picture is any picture in the first access unit.

B14. The method of any of solutions B1 to B13, wherein the CLVSS picture is a coded picture that is an (IRAP) picture or a (GDR) picture with a flag that is equal to one, wherein the flag equaling one indicates that an associated picture is not output by a decoder upon a determination that the associated picture comprises references to pictures that are not present in the bitstream.

Yet another listing of solutions preferred by some embodiments is provided next.

C1. A method of video processing, comprising performing a conversion between a video comprising one or more pictures and a bitstream of the video according to a rule, wherein the rule specifies that the bitstream comprises at least a first picture that is output, wherein the first picture is in an output layer, wherein the first picture comprises a syntax element equaling one, and wherein the syntax element affects a decoded picture output and a removal process associated with a hypothetical reference decoder (HRD).

C2. The method of solution C1, wherein the rule applies to all profiles and the bitstream is allowed to conform to any profile.

C3. The method of solution C2, wherein the syntax element is ph_pic_output_flag.

C4. The method of solution C2, wherein the profile is a Main 10 Still Picture profile or a Main 4:4:4 10 Still Picture profile.

The following listing of solutions applies to each of the solutions enumerated above.

O1. The method of any of the preceding solutions, wherein the conversion comprises decoding the video from the bitstream.

O2. The method of any of the preceding solutions, wherein the conversion comprises encoding the video into the bitstream.

O3. A method of storing a bitstream representing a video to a computer-readable recording medium, comprising generating the bitstream from the video according to a method described in any one or more of the preceding solutions, and storing the bitstream in the computer-readable recording medium.

O4. A video processing apparatus comprising a processor configured to implement a method recited in any one or more of claims A1 to B14.

O5. A computer-readable medium having instructions stored thereon, the instructions, when executed, causing a processor to implement a method recited in one or more of the preceding solutions.

O6. A computer readable medium that stores the bitstream generated according to any one or more of the preceding solutions.

O7. A video processing apparatus for storing a bitstream, wherein the video processing apparatus is configured to implement a method recited in any one or more of the preceding solutions.

Yet another listing of solutions preferred by some embodiments is provided next.

P1. A video processing method, comprising performing a conversion between a video comprising one or more pictures and a coded representation of the video, wherein the coded representation conforms to a format rule, wherein the format rule specifies a constraint on a value of a syntax element indicative of presence of a most significant bit cycle for a picture order count in a picture of the video.

P2. The method of solution P1, wherein the format rule specifies that value of syntax element is 0 when an independent value flag is set to a zero value and at least one slice of the picture uses an inter-layer reference picture in a reference list thereof.

P3. The method of any of solutions P1 to P2, wherein the format rule specifies that a zero value of the syntax element is indicated by not including the syntax element in the coded representation.

P4. A video processing method, comprising performing a conversion between a video comprising one or more pictures and a coded representation of the video, wherein the conversion conforms to a rule that specifies that gradual decode refresh pictures are disallowed in case that an output order of an access unit is different from a decoding order of the access unit.

P5. A video processing method, comprising performing a conversion between a video comprising video layers comprising one or more video pictures and a coded representation of the video, wherein the coded representation conforms to a format rule, wherein the format rule specifies that in case that a first network abstraction layer unit (NAL) indicating an end of a video sequence is present in an access unit of a layer, then next pictures of each of higher layers in the coded representation must have a coded layer video sequence start type.

P6. The method of solution P5, wherein the format rule further specifies that a first picture in decoding order for a second layer that uses the layer as a reference layer shall have the coded layer video sequence start type.

P7. The method of any of solutions P1 to P5, wherein the performing the conversion comprises encoding the video to generate the coded representation.

P8. The method of any of solutions P1 to P5, wherein the performing the conversion comprises parsing and decoding the coded representation to generate the video.

P9. A video decoding apparatus comprising a processor configured to implement a method recited in one or more of solutions P1 to P8.

P10. A video encoding apparatus comprising a processor configured to implement a method recited in one or more of solutions P1 to P8.

P11. A computer program product having computer code stored thereon, the code, when executed by a processor, causes the processor to implement a method recited in any of solutions P1 to P8.

In the present disclosure, the term “video processing” may refer to video encoding, video decoding, video compression or video decompression. For example, video compression algorithms may be applied during conversion from pixel representation of a video to a corresponding bitstream representation or vice versa. The bitstream representation (or simply, the bitstream) of a current video block may, for example, correspond to bits that are either co-located or spread in different places within the bitstream, as is defined by the syntax. For example, a macroblock may be encoded in terms of transformed and coded error residual values and also using bits in headers and other fields in the bitstream.

The disclosed and other solutions, examples, embodiments, modules and the functional operations described in this disclosure can be implemented in digital electronic circuitry, or in computer software, firmware, or hardware, including the structures disclosed in this disclosure and their structural equivalents, or in combinations of one or more of them. The disclosed and other embodiments can be implemented as one or more computer program products, i.e., one or more modules of computer program instructions encoded on a computer readable medium for execution by, or to control the operation of, data processing apparatus. The computer readable medium can be a machine-readable storage device, a machine-readable storage substrate, a memory device, a composition of matter effecting a machine-readable propagated signal, or a combination of one or more them. The term “data processing apparatus” encompasses all apparatus, devices, and machines for processing data, including by way of example a programmable processor, a computer, or multiple processors or computers. The apparatus can include, in addition to hardware, code that creates an execution environment for the computer program in question, e.g., code that constitutes processor firmware, a protocol stack, a database management system, an operating system, or a combination of one or more of them. A propagated signal is an artificially generated signal, e.g., a machine-generated electrical, optical, or electromagnetic signal, that is generated to encode information for transmission to suitable receiver apparatus.

A computer program (also known as a program, software, software application, script, or code) can be written in any form of programming language, including compiled or interpreted languages, and it can be deployed in any form, including as a stand-alone program or as a module, component, subroutine, or other unit suitable for use in a computing environment. A computer program does not necessarily correspond to a file in a file system. A program can be stored in a portion of a file that holds other programs or data (e.g., one or more scripts stored in a markup language document), in a single file dedicated to the program in question, or in multiple coordinated files (e.g., files that store one or more modules, sub programs, or portions of code). A computer program can be deployed to be executed on one computer or on multiple computers that are located at one site or distributed across multiple sites and interconnected by a communication network.

The processes and logic flows described in this disclosure can be performed by one or more programmable processors executing one or more computer programs to perform functions by operating on input data and generating output. The processes and logic flows can also be performed by, and apparatus can also be implemented as, special purpose logic circuitry, e.g., a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC).

Processors suitable for the execution of a computer program include, by way of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors, and any one or more processors of any kind of digital computer. Generally, a processor will receive instructions and data from a read only memory or a random-access memory or both. The essential elements of a computer are a processor for performing instructions and one or more memory devices for storing instructions and data. Generally, a computer will also include, or be operatively coupled to receive data from or transfer data to, or both, one or more mass storage devices for storing data, e.g., magnetic, magneto optical disks, or optical disks. However, a computer need not have such devices. Computer readable media suitable for storing computer program instructions and data include all forms of non-volatile memory, media and memory devices, including by way of example semiconductor memory devices, e.g., erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electronically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), and flash memory devices; magnetic disks, e.g., internal hard disks or removable disks; magneto optical disks; and compact disc, read-only memory (CD-ROM) and digital versatile disc, read-only memory (DVD-ROM) disks. The processor and the memory can be supplemented by, or incorporated in, special purpose logic circuitry.

While the present disclosure contains many specifics, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of any subject matter or of what may be claimed, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to particular embodiments of the present disclosure. Certain features that are described in the present disclosure in the context of separate embodiments can also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment can also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable subcombination. Moreover, although features may be described above as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a subcombination or variation of a subcombination.

Similarly, while operations are depicted in the drawings in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. Moreover, the separation of various system components in the embodiments described in the present disclosure should not be understood as requiring such separation in all embodiments.

Only a few embodiments and examples are described and other embodiments, enhancements and variations can be made based on what is described and illustrated in the present disclosure. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of video processing, comprising: performing a conversion between a video comprising one or more pictures and a bitstream of the video according to a rule, wherein the rule specifies that the bitstream comprises at least a first picture that is output, wherein the first picture is in an output layer, wherein the first picture comprises a syntax element equaling one, and wherein the syntax element affects a decoded picture output and a removal process associated with a hypothetical reference decoder (HRD).
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the rule applies to all profiles and the bitstream is allowed to conform to any profile.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the syntax element is ph_pic_output_flag.
 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the profile is a Main 10 Still Picture profile or a Main 4:4:4 10 Still Picture profile.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the conversion comprises decoding the video from the bitstream.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the conversion comprises encoding the video into the bitstream.
 7. An apparatus for processing video data comprising a processor and a non-transitory memory with instructions thereon, wherein the instructions upon execution by the processor, cause the processor to: perform a conversion between a video comprising one or more pictures and a bitstream of the video according to a rule, wherein the rule specifies that the bitstream comprises at least a first picture that is output, wherein the first picture is in an output layer, wherein the first picture comprises a syntax element equaling one, and wherein the syntax element affects a decoded picture output and a removal process associated with a hypothetical reference decoder (HRD).
 8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the rule applies to all profiles and the bitstream is allowed to conform to any profile.
 9. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the syntax element is ph_pic_output_flag.
 10. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the profile is a Main 10 Still Picture profile or a Main 4:4:4 10 Still Picture profile.
 11. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the conversion comprises decoding the video from the bitstream.
 12. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the conversion comprises encoding the video into the bitstream.
 13. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing instructions that cause a processor to: perform a conversion between a video comprising one or more pictures and a bitstream of the video according to a rule, wherein the rule specifies that the bitstream comprises at least a first picture that is output, wherein the first picture is in an output layer, wherein the first picture comprises a syntax element equaling one, and wherein the syntax element affects a decoded picture output and a removal process associated with a hypothetical reference decoder (HRD).
 14. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 13, wherein the rule applies to all profiles and the bitstream is allowed to conform to any profile.
 15. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 13, wherein the syntax element is ph_pic_output_flag.
 16. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 14, wherein the profile is a Main 10 Still Picture profile or a Main 4:4:4 10 Still Picture profile.
 17. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 13, wherein the conversion comprises decoding the video from the bitstream.
 18. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 13, wherein the conversion comprises encoding the video into the bitstream.
 19. A non-transitory computer-readable recording medium storing a bitstream of a video which is generated by a method performed by a video processing apparatus, wherein the method comprises: generating a bitstream of the video according to a rule, wherein the rule specifies that the bitstream comprises at least a first picture that is output, wherein the first picture is in an output layer, wherein the first picture comprises a syntax element equaling one, and wherein the syntax element affects a decoded picture output and a removal process associated with a hypothetical reference decoder (HRD).
 20. The non-transitory computer-readable recording medium of claim 19, wherein the syntax element is ph_pic_output_flag. 